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Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to determine salt tolerance levels of 12 different common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) cultivars at germination stage in the presence of 250 mM NaCl and to reveal genetic relationships based on gene targeted functional markers (GTFMs) associated with salt tolerance. The results revealed the presence of a significant genetic variation among the cultivars although salt stress significantly reduced all germination parameters tested. The cultivar Ozveren was the most salt tolerant with 20.1% reduction in final germination percentage compared to control seeds while cultivars Alınoglu, Ayaz and Bakir did not germinate. The maximum delays in germination rate (G50 = 3.78 days) and synchrony (G10-90 = 3.45 days) were obtained from the cultivars Urkmez and Ozveren, respectively. The GTFMs provided a total of 53.1% polymorphism. The primers of MtSOS2 gene gave the highest numbers of alleles per primer pair while the highest polymorphism rate (77.8%) was obtained from the MtP5CS gene. The first three components of principal component analysis explained 57.63% of total variation. This study concluded that the cultivars determined to be salt tolerant and sensitive at germination stage distributed into three main clades determined by UPGMA analysis while the GTFMs associated with salt tolerance successfully determined the genetic relationships of common vetch cultivars.
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References
- Akhtar, P., Hussain, F., 2009: Growth performance of Vicia sativa L. under saline conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41, 3075–3080.
- Arnholdt-Schmitt, B., 2005: Functional markers and a 'systemic strategy': convergency between plant breeding, plant nutrition and molecular biology. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 43, 817–820.
- Arnholdt-Schmitt, B., Costa, J.H., de Melo, D.F., 2006: AOX--a functional marker for efficient cell reprogramming under stress? Trends Plant Science 11, 281–287.
- Babic, V., Nikolic, A., Andjelkovic, V., Kovacevic, D., Filipovic, M., Vasic, V., Mladenovic-Drinic, S., 2016: UPOV morphological versus molecular markers for maize inbred lines variability determination. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 76, 417–426.
- Bilgili, U., Carpici, E.B., Asik, B.B., Celik, N., 2011: Root and shoot response of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) to salt stress during early seedling growth stages. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 16, 33–38.
- Bouazzi, H., Feki, K., Brini, F., Saibi, W., 2019: Is duality between proline metabolic mutation (p5cs 1-4) and durum wheat dehydrin transgenic contexts a "pacemaker" for salt tolerance process in Arabidopsis thaliana? Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 41:36, 1–10.
- Bu, Y., Kou, J., Sun, B., Takano, T., Liu, S., 2015: Adverse effect of urease on salt stress during seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Letters 589, 1308–1313.
- Chai, X., Dong, R., Liu, W.X., Wang, Y.R., Liu, Z.P., 2017: Optimizing sample size to assess the genetic diversity in common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) populations using start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. Molecules 22, 1–10.
- Cil, A., Tiryaki, I., 2016: Sequence-related amplified polymorphism and inter-simple sequence repeat marker-based genetic diversity and nuclear DNA content variation in common vetch (Vicia sativa L.). Plant Genetic Resources-Characterization and Utilization 14, 183–191.
- Dar, M.I., Naikoo , M.I., Rehman , F., Naushin , F., Khan, F.A., 2016: Proline accumulation in plants: roles in stress tolerance and plant development. In: Iqbal, N. (ed.), Osmolytes and plants acclimation to changing environment: emerging omics technologies, 155. Springer, New Delhi.
- De la Rosa, L., Zambrana, E., Ramirez-Parra, E., 2020: Molecular bases for drought tolerance in common vetch: designing new molecular breeding tools. BMC Plant Biology 20, 71.
- Dice, L.R., 1945: Measures of the amount of ecological association between species. Ecology 26, 297–307.
- Donde, R., Gupta, M.K., Gouda, G., Kumar, J., Vadde, R., Sahoo, K.K., Dash, S.K., Behera, L., 2019: Computational characterization of structural and functional roles of DREB1A, DREB1B and DREB1C in enhancing cold tolerance in rice plant. Amino Acids 51, 839–853.
- El-Bok, S., Zoghlami-Khelil, A., Dougari, R., Jabri, C., Lamine, O., El-Gazzah, M., 2015: Vicia sativa subsp sativa (Fabaceae): New taxonomic division in tunisia based on karyological data. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 52, 279–283.
- Ertekin, İ., Yılmaz, Ş., Atak, M., Can, E., 2018: Effects of different salt concentrations on the germination properties of hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) cultivars. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 5, 175–179.
- Farooq, M., Gogoi, N., Hussain, M., Barthaku, r.S., Paul, S., Bharadwaj, N., Migdadi, H.M., Alghamdi, S.S., Siddique , K.H., 2017: Effects, tolerance mechanisms and management of salt stress in grain legumes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 118, 199–217.
- Firincioglu, H.K., Tate, M., Unal, S., Dogruyol, L., Ozcan, I., 2007: A selection strategy for low toxin vetches (Vicia sativa spp.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 31, 303–311.
- Hussain, N., Sarwar, G., Schmeisky, H., Al-Rawahy, S., Ahmad, A., 2010: Salinity and drought management in legume crops. In: Andrews, M., Hodge, S., Yadav, S.S. and Redden, R. (ed.), Climate change and management of cool season grain legume crops, 171–191. Springer, London.
- Kang, H.W., Park, D.S., Go, S.J., Eun, M.Y., 2002: Fingerprinting of diverse genomes using PCR with universal rice primers generated from repetitive sequence of Korean weedy rice. Molecules and Cells 13, 281–287.
- Kartal, G.K., Senbek, G., Karaca, M., Acikgoz, E., 2020: Hybridization studies in Vicia sativa complex. Euphytica 216, 29.
- Khayamim, S., Afshari, R.T., Sadeghian, S.Y., Poustini, K., Rouzbeh, F., Abbasi, Z., 2014 : Seed germination, plant establishment, and yield of sugar beet genotypes under salinity stress. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 16, 779–790.
- Lee, S.B., Kim, J.H., Yun, J.C., 2014: Availability of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) as leguminous green manure crops for organic rice cultivation in reclaimed saline land. In: Rahmann, G., Aksoy, U. (ed.), Proceedings of the 4th ISOFAR Scientific Conference, 949-952. Istanbul, Turkey. Thünen.
- Liu, M., Wang, T.Z., Zhang, W.H., 2015: Sodium extrusion associated with enhanced expression of SOS1 underlies different salt tolerance between Medicago falcata and Medicago truncatula seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany 110, 46-55.
- Liu, Z., Liu, P., Luo, D., Liu, W.X., Wang, Y.R., 2014: Exploiting illumina sequencing for the development of 95 novel polymorphic EST-SSR markers in common vetch (Vicia sativa subsp sativa). Molecules 19, 5777–5789.
- Mel, V.C., Bado, V.B., Ndiaye, S., Djaman, K., Nati, D.A.B., Manneh, B., Futakuchi, K., 2019: Predicting rice yield under salinity stress using K/Na ratio variable in plant tissue. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 50, 1321–1329.
- Ologundudu, A.F., Adelusi, A.A., Akinwale, R.O., 2014: Effect of salt stress on germination and growth parameters of rice. Scientia Biologicae 6, 237–243.
- Planchet, E., Verdu, I., Delahaie, J., Cukier, C., Girard, C., Morere-Le Paven, M.C., Limami, A.M., 2014: Abscisic acid-induced nitric oxide and proline accumulation in independent pathways under water-deficit stress during seedling establishment in Medicago truncatula. Journal of Experimental Botany 65, 2161-2170.
- Poczai, P., Hyvonen, J., Taller, J., Jahnke, G., Kocsis, L., 2013a: Phylogenetic analyses of teleki grapevine rootstocks using three chloroplast DNA markers. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 31, 371–386.
- Poczai, P., Varga, I., Laos, M., Cseh, A., Bell, N., Valkonen, J.P., Hyvonen, J., 2013b: Advances in plant gene-targeted and functional markers: a review. Plant Methods 9, 6.
- Powell, W., Morgante, M., Doyle, J.J., McNicol, J.W., Tingey, S.V., Rafalski, A.J., 1996: Genepool variation in genus Glycine subgenus Soja revealed by polymorphic nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites. Genetics 144, 793–803.
- Quan, W., Liu, X., Wang, H., Chan, Z., 2016: Comparative physiological and transcriptional analyses of two contrasting drought tolerant alfalfa varieties. Frontiers in Plant Science 6, 1256.
- Raveendar, S., Lee, G.A., Jeon, Y.A., Lee, Y.J., Lee, J.R., Cho, G.T., Cho, J.H., Park, J.H., Ma, K.H., Chung, J.W., 2015: Cross-Amplification of Vicia sativa subsp sativa microsatellites across 22 other Vicia species. Molecules 20, 1543–1550.
- SAS, I., 1997: SAS/STAT software: Changes and enhancements through release 6.12., SAS Institute, Cary, North Caroline.
- Sharma, U., Rai, M.K., Shekhawat, N.S., Kataria, V., 2019: Genetic homogeneity revealed in micropropagated Bauhinia racemosa Lam. using gene targeted markers CBDP and SCoT. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 25, 581–588.
- Sherasia, P.L., Garg, M.R., Bhanderi, B.M., 2017: Pulses and their by-products as animal feed. In: Calles, T., Makkar, H. P. S. (ed.), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
- Shi, H., Ishitani, M., Kim, C., Zhu, J.K., 2000: The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na+/H+ antiporter. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science USA 97, 6896–6901.
- Shi, H., Zhu, J.K., 2002: Regulation of expression of the vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene AtNHX1 by salt stress and abscisic acid. Plant Molecular Biology 50, 543–550.
- Shokat, S., Großkinsky, D.K., 2019: Tackling salinity in sustainable agriculture-what developing countries may learn from approaches of the developed world. Sustainability 11, 4558.
- Tiryaki, I., Andrews, D.J., 2001: Germination and seedling cold tolerance in sorghum: I. Evaluation of rapid screening methods. Agronomy Journal 93, 1386–1391.
- Tiryaki, I., Kaplan, S.A., 2019: Enhanced germination performance of dormant seeds of Eragrostis tef in the presence of light. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, 244–251.
- Wan, Q.H., Wu, H., Fujihara, T., Fang, S.G., 2004: Which genetic marker for which conservation genetics issue? Electrophoresis 25, 2165–2176.
- Wang, J.W., Yang, F.P., Chen, X.Q., Liang, R.Q., Zhang, L.Q., Geng, D.M., Zhang, X.D., Song, Y.Z., Zhang, G.S., 2006: Induced expression of DREB transcriptional factor and study on its physiological effects of drought tolerance in transgenic wheat. Acta Genetica Sinica 33, 468–476.
- Yamada, M., Morishita, H., Urano, K., Shiozaki, N., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Shinozaki, K., Yoshiba, Y., 2005: Effects of free proline accumulation in petunias under drought stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 56, 1975–1981.
- Yokoi, S., Quintero, F.J., Cubero, B., Ruiz, M.T., Bressan, R.A., Hasegawa, P.M., Pardo, J.M., 2002: Differential expression and function of Arabidopsis thaliana NHX Na+/H+ antiporters in the salt stress response. Plant Journal 30, 529–539.
- Zhang, X.X., Han, L.B., Wang, Q., Zhang, C., Yu, Y.J., Tian, J., Kong, Z.S., 2019: The host actin cytoskeleton channels rhizobia release and facilitates symbiosome accommodation during nodulation in Medicago truncatula. New Phytologist 221, 1049–1059.
References
Akhtar, P., Hussain, F., 2009: Growth performance of Vicia sativa L. under saline conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41, 3075–3080.
Arnholdt-Schmitt, B., 2005: Functional markers and a 'systemic strategy': convergency between plant breeding, plant nutrition and molecular biology. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 43, 817–820.
Arnholdt-Schmitt, B., Costa, J.H., de Melo, D.F., 2006: AOX--a functional marker for efficient cell reprogramming under stress? Trends Plant Science 11, 281–287.
Babic, V., Nikolic, A., Andjelkovic, V., Kovacevic, D., Filipovic, M., Vasic, V., Mladenovic-Drinic, S., 2016: UPOV morphological versus molecular markers for maize inbred lines variability determination. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 76, 417–426.
Bilgili, U., Carpici, E.B., Asik, B.B., Celik, N., 2011: Root and shoot response of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) to salt stress during early seedling growth stages. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 16, 33–38.
Bouazzi, H., Feki, K., Brini, F., Saibi, W., 2019: Is duality between proline metabolic mutation (p5cs 1-4) and durum wheat dehydrin transgenic contexts a "pacemaker" for salt tolerance process in Arabidopsis thaliana? Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 41:36, 1–10.
Bu, Y., Kou, J., Sun, B., Takano, T., Liu, S., 2015: Adverse effect of urease on salt stress during seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Letters 589, 1308–1313.
Chai, X., Dong, R., Liu, W.X., Wang, Y.R., Liu, Z.P., 2017: Optimizing sample size to assess the genetic diversity in common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) populations using start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. Molecules 22, 1–10.
Cil, A., Tiryaki, I., 2016: Sequence-related amplified polymorphism and inter-simple sequence repeat marker-based genetic diversity and nuclear DNA content variation in common vetch (Vicia sativa L.). Plant Genetic Resources-Characterization and Utilization 14, 183–191.
Dar, M.I., Naikoo , M.I., Rehman , F., Naushin , F., Khan, F.A., 2016: Proline accumulation in plants: roles in stress tolerance and plant development. In: Iqbal, N. (ed.), Osmolytes and plants acclimation to changing environment: emerging omics technologies, 155. Springer, New Delhi.
De la Rosa, L., Zambrana, E., Ramirez-Parra, E., 2020: Molecular bases for drought tolerance in common vetch: designing new molecular breeding tools. BMC Plant Biology 20, 71.
Dice, L.R., 1945: Measures of the amount of ecological association between species. Ecology 26, 297–307.
Donde, R., Gupta, M.K., Gouda, G., Kumar, J., Vadde, R., Sahoo, K.K., Dash, S.K., Behera, L., 2019: Computational characterization of structural and functional roles of DREB1A, DREB1B and DREB1C in enhancing cold tolerance in rice plant. Amino Acids 51, 839–853.
El-Bok, S., Zoghlami-Khelil, A., Dougari, R., Jabri, C., Lamine, O., El-Gazzah, M., 2015: Vicia sativa subsp sativa (Fabaceae): New taxonomic division in tunisia based on karyological data. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 52, 279–283.
Ertekin, İ., Yılmaz, Ş., Atak, M., Can, E., 2018: Effects of different salt concentrations on the germination properties of hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) cultivars. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 5, 175–179.
Farooq, M., Gogoi, N., Hussain, M., Barthaku, r.S., Paul, S., Bharadwaj, N., Migdadi, H.M., Alghamdi, S.S., Siddique , K.H., 2017: Effects, tolerance mechanisms and management of salt stress in grain legumes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 118, 199–217.
Firincioglu, H.K., Tate, M., Unal, S., Dogruyol, L., Ozcan, I., 2007: A selection strategy for low toxin vetches (Vicia sativa spp.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 31, 303–311.
Hussain, N., Sarwar, G., Schmeisky, H., Al-Rawahy, S., Ahmad, A., 2010: Salinity and drought management in legume crops. In: Andrews, M., Hodge, S., Yadav, S.S. and Redden, R. (ed.), Climate change and management of cool season grain legume crops, 171–191. Springer, London.
Kang, H.W., Park, D.S., Go, S.J., Eun, M.Y., 2002: Fingerprinting of diverse genomes using PCR with universal rice primers generated from repetitive sequence of Korean weedy rice. Molecules and Cells 13, 281–287.
Kartal, G.K., Senbek, G., Karaca, M., Acikgoz, E., 2020: Hybridization studies in Vicia sativa complex. Euphytica 216, 29.
Khayamim, S., Afshari, R.T., Sadeghian, S.Y., Poustini, K., Rouzbeh, F., Abbasi, Z., 2014 : Seed germination, plant establishment, and yield of sugar beet genotypes under salinity stress. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 16, 779–790.
Lee, S.B., Kim, J.H., Yun, J.C., 2014: Availability of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) as leguminous green manure crops for organic rice cultivation in reclaimed saline land. In: Rahmann, G., Aksoy, U. (ed.), Proceedings of the 4th ISOFAR Scientific Conference, 949-952. Istanbul, Turkey. Thünen.
Liu, M., Wang, T.Z., Zhang, W.H., 2015: Sodium extrusion associated with enhanced expression of SOS1 underlies different salt tolerance between Medicago falcata and Medicago truncatula seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany 110, 46-55.
Liu, Z., Liu, P., Luo, D., Liu, W.X., Wang, Y.R., 2014: Exploiting illumina sequencing for the development of 95 novel polymorphic EST-SSR markers in common vetch (Vicia sativa subsp sativa). Molecules 19, 5777–5789.
Mel, V.C., Bado, V.B., Ndiaye, S., Djaman, K., Nati, D.A.B., Manneh, B., Futakuchi, K., 2019: Predicting rice yield under salinity stress using K/Na ratio variable in plant tissue. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 50, 1321–1329.
Ologundudu, A.F., Adelusi, A.A., Akinwale, R.O., 2014: Effect of salt stress on germination and growth parameters of rice. Scientia Biologicae 6, 237–243.
Planchet, E., Verdu, I., Delahaie, J., Cukier, C., Girard, C., Morere-Le Paven, M.C., Limami, A.M., 2014: Abscisic acid-induced nitric oxide and proline accumulation in independent pathways under water-deficit stress during seedling establishment in Medicago truncatula. Journal of Experimental Botany 65, 2161-2170.
Poczai, P., Hyvonen, J., Taller, J., Jahnke, G., Kocsis, L., 2013a: Phylogenetic analyses of teleki grapevine rootstocks using three chloroplast DNA markers. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 31, 371–386.
Poczai, P., Varga, I., Laos, M., Cseh, A., Bell, N., Valkonen, J.P., Hyvonen, J., 2013b: Advances in plant gene-targeted and functional markers: a review. Plant Methods 9, 6.
Powell, W., Morgante, M., Doyle, J.J., McNicol, J.W., Tingey, S.V., Rafalski, A.J., 1996: Genepool variation in genus Glycine subgenus Soja revealed by polymorphic nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites. Genetics 144, 793–803.
Quan, W., Liu, X., Wang, H., Chan, Z., 2016: Comparative physiological and transcriptional analyses of two contrasting drought tolerant alfalfa varieties. Frontiers in Plant Science 6, 1256.
Raveendar, S., Lee, G.A., Jeon, Y.A., Lee, Y.J., Lee, J.R., Cho, G.T., Cho, J.H., Park, J.H., Ma, K.H., Chung, J.W., 2015: Cross-Amplification of Vicia sativa subsp sativa microsatellites across 22 other Vicia species. Molecules 20, 1543–1550.
SAS, I., 1997: SAS/STAT software: Changes and enhancements through release 6.12., SAS Institute, Cary, North Caroline.
Sharma, U., Rai, M.K., Shekhawat, N.S., Kataria, V., 2019: Genetic homogeneity revealed in micropropagated Bauhinia racemosa Lam. using gene targeted markers CBDP and SCoT. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 25, 581–588.
Sherasia, P.L., Garg, M.R., Bhanderi, B.M., 2017: Pulses and their by-products as animal feed. In: Calles, T., Makkar, H. P. S. (ed.), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Shi, H., Ishitani, M., Kim, C., Zhu, J.K., 2000: The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na+/H+ antiporter. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science USA 97, 6896–6901.
Shi, H., Zhu, J.K., 2002: Regulation of expression of the vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene AtNHX1 by salt stress and abscisic acid. Plant Molecular Biology 50, 543–550.
Shokat, S., Großkinsky, D.K., 2019: Tackling salinity in sustainable agriculture-what developing countries may learn from approaches of the developed world. Sustainability 11, 4558.
Tiryaki, I., Andrews, D.J., 2001: Germination and seedling cold tolerance in sorghum: I. Evaluation of rapid screening methods. Agronomy Journal 93, 1386–1391.
Tiryaki, I., Kaplan, S.A., 2019: Enhanced germination performance of dormant seeds of Eragrostis tef in the presence of light. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, 244–251.
Wan, Q.H., Wu, H., Fujihara, T., Fang, S.G., 2004: Which genetic marker for which conservation genetics issue? Electrophoresis 25, 2165–2176.
Wang, J.W., Yang, F.P., Chen, X.Q., Liang, R.Q., Zhang, L.Q., Geng, D.M., Zhang, X.D., Song, Y.Z., Zhang, G.S., 2006: Induced expression of DREB transcriptional factor and study on its physiological effects of drought tolerance in transgenic wheat. Acta Genetica Sinica 33, 468–476.
Yamada, M., Morishita, H., Urano, K., Shiozaki, N., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Shinozaki, K., Yoshiba, Y., 2005: Effects of free proline accumulation in petunias under drought stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 56, 1975–1981.
Yokoi, S., Quintero, F.J., Cubero, B., Ruiz, M.T., Bressan, R.A., Hasegawa, P.M., Pardo, J.M., 2002: Differential expression and function of Arabidopsis thaliana NHX Na+/H+ antiporters in the salt stress response. Plant Journal 30, 529–539.
Zhang, X.X., Han, L.B., Wang, Q., Zhang, C., Yu, Y.J., Tian, J., Kong, Z.S., 2019: The host actin cytoskeleton channels rhizobia release and facilitates symbiosome accommodation during nodulation in Medicago truncatula. New Phytologist 221, 1049–1059.