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On the cover: The first record of a naturalized alien population of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne in Spain is reported in the paper of Juan et al. Habit, flowers and fruit are shown in the drawing by Joaquín Moreno.
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Fig. 1. Effect of different concentrations (100, 200, 300 and 400 μmol L-1) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, on the biomass of ryegrass seedlings under benzoapyrene (B[a]P) stress. (A) Aboveground dry weight, (B) Belowground dry weight, (C) Aboveground fresh weight, (D) Belowground fresh weight, (E) Aboveground plant height, (F) Belowground root length. Data are mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.

Fig. 2. Effect of different concentrations (100, 200, 300 and 400 μmol L-1) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, on the photosynthetic pigment content of ryegrass seedlings under benzoapyrene (B[a]P) stress. (A) Chlorophyll a content, (B) Chlorophyll b content, (C) Carotenoid content, (D) Total chlorophyll content. FW – fresh weight. Data are mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.

Fig. 3. Effect of different concentrations (100, 200, 300 and 400 μmol L-1) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, on photosynthetic gas exchange parameters of ryegrass seedlings under benzoapyrene (B[a]P) stress. (A) Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), (B) Stomatal conductance (Gs), (C) Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), (D) Transpiration rate (Tr), (E) Water use efficiency (WUE). Data are mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.

Fig. 4. Effect of different concentrations (100, 200, 300 and 400 μmol L-1) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of ryegrass seedlings under benzoapyrene (B[a]P) stress. (A) PSII potential activity (Fv/F0), (B) PSII maximum light energy conversion efficiency (Fv/Fm), (C) Actual quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ФPSII), (D) Steady-state fluorescence (Fs), (E) Photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), (f) Non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN). Data are mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.

Fig. 5. Effect of different concentrations (100, 200, 300 and 400 μmol L-1) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, on antioxidant enzyme activity of ryegrass seedlings under benzoapyrene (B[a]P) stress. (A) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. (B) Catalase (CAT) activity. (C) Peroxidase (POD) activity. Data are mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. U – unit of enzyme activity, FW – fresh weight. Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.

Fig. 6. Principal component analysis (PCA) plots of growth, photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity of ryegrass for different concentrations (100, 200, 300 and 400 μmol L-1) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in combination with benzoapyrene (B[a]P) as well as control.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Benzoapyrene (B[a]P) pollution poses a threat to the environment and the food chain and consequently to human health. However, the alleviation of the harmful effects of B[a]P pollution in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by the application of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) has been ignored. Thus, in this paper the effects of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) on the growth, photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics, and antioxidant enzyme activity of ryegrass exposed to B[a]P stress are investigated. B[a]P stress induced the reduction of the aboveground and belowground dry weights, chlorophyll (a, b), the total chlorophyll contents, the carotenoid content, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), the water use efficiency (WUE), the photosystem II (PSII) potential activity (Fv/F0), the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), the steady-state fluorescence yield (Fs), and the non-photochemical quenching (qN), while enhancement was recorded in response to the foliar spray of SNP at 200 and 300 μmol L-1 under B[a]P stress. Gray correlation and principal component analyses show that 200 μmol L-1 of SNP more drastically alleviated the damage caused by B[a]P stress than 300 μmol L -1 of SNP. The exogenous NO-mediated alleviation of B[a]P toxicity in ryegrass was associated with preserved photosynthetic characteristics and activation of antioxidant enzymes.

Keywords

NO B[a]P stress ryegrass growth photosynthesis chlorophyll fluorescence parameters

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Copyright (c) 2023 Yue Li, Junqiang Ma, Yu Wang, Sunan Xu, Lei Jiang, Lihong Zhang, Wei Hou

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How to Cite
Li, Y., Ma, J., Wang, Y., Xu, S., Jiang, L., Zhang, L., & Hou, W. (2023). Effects of exogenous NO on the growth and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics of ryegrass seedlings under B[a]P stress. Acta Botanica Croatica, 82(1). https://doi.org/10.37427/botcro-2023-004
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